Causes for WW2

• Long term
• Unresolved issues after WWI and the shortcomings of the Treaty of Versailles
• German resentment
• The disintegration of wartime alliances
• Reparations
• Weakness of the League of Nations and the failure of Collective Security
• Lack of members
• Failure to intervene in Abyssinia and Manchuria
• The Wall St Crash and the Great Depression
• Wall St Crash shaped the international political atmosphere in the 30s
• Short term
• Political Impact of the economic depression
• The end of the spirit of international co-operation and reparations and payments were demanded immediately
• The economic crisis in Germany played an important factor in the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
• The Hoover Moratorium and the end of reparations
• The extent of the economic crisis meant that the Germans asked the US president Hoover to suspend the reparations which was granted by December 1931
• In June 1932 the Lausanne Conference agreed that reparations should be ended by a lump-sum payment of 3,000 million marks, relieving Germany of 90% of its outstanding debt
• The failure of disarmament
• Despite the efforts made at the Geneva Disarmament Conference 1932-33 no agreements were reached for international disarmament
• Immediate term
• Hitler’s foreign policy
• Hitler had an aggressive foreign policy which included the revision of the Treaty of Versailles and Lebensraum (living space – expansion of the German borders to the east)
• Rearmament and reintroduction of conscription (1935)
• Re-occupation of the Rhineland (1936)
• German intervention in the Spanish Civil War
• Anschluss
• The Sudetenland Crisis and invasion of Czechoslovakia
• Invasion of Poland
• Fritz Fischer
• Germany’s expansionism was to blame for the war
• The policy of appeasement
• Britain failed to intervene in these German aggressions, which led to an escalation of German actions, and ending in the invasion of Poland which was the start of WWII
• AJP Taylor 
• Blames the policy of appeasement to at least an equal amount as Hitler’s war  

Mao's policy on women

• Mao focused a lot on equality from the moment he gained power. This was also one of the reasons why he won over GMD
• The initial years of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)
• In the beginning Mao wasn’t extreme, and for some time, different parties were also members of the government
• In his Little Red Book (1945) he wrote that he wanted to ‘ensure freedom of marriage and equality between men and women’ and that ‘women hold up half the sky’
• ‘In order to build a great socialist society it is of the utmost importance to arouse the broad masses of women to join in productive activity. Men and women must receive equal pay for the equal work in production. Genuine equality between the sexes can only be realised in the process of the socialist transformation of society as a whole’
• However:
• Mao complained that China had an excess of women; he suggested sending tens of thousands to the US, later increasing his offer to 10 million; Mao also meant women gave birth to too many children; and stated women didn’t know how to fight
• Marriage reform
• Made in 1950
• Both genders were equal and both had to agree on getting married - the elimination on arranged marriages had two benefits: 
• 1) Mao gained support of many women 
• 2) Life was improved for many young people who feared arranged marriage 
• Further human rights were installed (women couldn’t be sold into prostitution, foot binding, unwanted babies couldn’t be disposed), the government abolished foot binding, rehabilitation programmes introduced to aid women
• Women could own their own property and land 
• However it was replaced in the First 5 Year Plan in 1953 
• Even though the new marriage reform tried to get rid of the traditional China some Chinese in the West were Muslim and felt it went against the Koran. 
• This created more equality between the genders
• The First Five Year Plan
• Main aim was to industrialise as rapidly as possible 
• All private businesses and commercial enterprises were nationalised under state control 
• Human Report 1927: he saw the peasants as leading China forward towards socialism – men and women should work equally hard
• Mao believed that while the peasants were leading the way forward, the CCP was becoming too reactionary and that many members ‘were tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others were going too fast’ – suggesting men were still important than women
• Women were able to be employed in all kinds of areas and were considered to be equal in that sense just like men 
• However prejudices against women were still present as social values and attitudes cannot be changes in such a short time
• The new constitution of 1954
• Article 86 of the Constitution, for example, stated “all citizens of the People’s Republic of China, who have reached the age of 18, have the right to vote and strand for election, irrespective of their nationality, race, sex, occupation, social origin, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence”. 
• Article 96 declared that “women in the People’s Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of political, economic, cultural, social and family life”. Provisions for maternity leave and childcare also made workplaces more accessible for women. 
• The All-China Women’s Federation, formed in 1949, helped deliver some of these new freedoms to women 
• However historians Lily Lee and Sue Wiles argue that Chinese women were still largely excluded from the all-male party hierarchy. They note that women continued to work on issues related to women, traditional gender segregation making it easier for them to have contact with other women. 
• The All China Women’s Federation (formed 1949 and retitled eight years later) was more about rubber stamping government policies than developing into a politically significant body
• However, CCP operated a very much male-dominated system where the domestic chores were carried out by female comrades 
• Education of women
• According to the United Nations figures from UNIFEM, women made up 39% of the workforce, 39% of students in secondary education and over 20% of the parliament
• By the 1970s almost 50% of China's doctors were women and 30% of engineers and scientists
• The “Great Leap Forward” program had many benefits in women’s movement, in china. Because of their extreme low status in china, they had suffered seriously just like many women in other parts of the world. 
• The “filial piety” of the women, in china, subjected them in total abuse of their rights as equal citizens. They experienced abusive practices like wife beating, female infanticide, and sale of women. 
• At the time, china was considered to be the most brutal towards women in the world. In the cause of time, educated women in china began advocating for democracy, which would provide for equal rights. Their main motivation in advocating for women liberation was to revolutionize the Chinese society, and make it stronger and equal for both genders than was before.
• They apportioned blame of poor Chinese economy to poor a family structure that undermined women. Women without education as Ebrey argues could not “bring up a healthy family”. Their future was also grim and hopeless without education. 
• Consequently, the need to liberate women against humiliation was developed with the few educated ones spearheading the push. 
• The “Great Leap Movement” in china was a landmark season in Chinese women history. This season brought profound benefits and developments to women. 
• On February 1960, women federation of china convened the second executive delegation of women. In this conference, women’s role in “The Great Leap” was improved and adjusted
• The Cultural Revolution
• The Cultural Revolution officially sought to deconstruct gender inequality. 
• The official policy towards women in the 1960s clearly expected women to sacrifice themselves for the revolution. During this time, there was an ambiguous policy towards women in simultaneously emphasizing the duty of women to participate in production but also to keep their duties at home. 
• The policy had a one sided emphasis on production without taking into consideration the dynamics of the family. Additionally, the Red Guards included both male and female students, showing no gender bias in who was participating in Mao’s mobilization. 
• However, feminism was severely criticized as being a bourgeois manifestation and counterrevolutionary; women were urged to become like men in terms of political activities and labour. 
• Thus the Cultural Revolution proclaimed to achieve gender equality but in reality, women’s roles were merely reformed to allow them to have traditional male roles and state policy focused on how women should emulate men in joining the revolutionary cause.
• During the Cultural revolution, women gained the right to health care (which had only been for men before)
• According to a study by Bauer et al., of women who married between 1950-65, 70% had jobs, and compared to 1966-76: 92% had jobs

Russia 1991-2001

The collapse of the Soviet Union 1991

• In August 1991 all the political and military leaders who were strongly opposed to G attempted to stage a coup against him. They were concerned about the developments in EE and other aspects of Gorbachev's foreign policy, they were worried that the draft Union Treaty would shift power to the republics and lead to the eventual break-up of the USSR and the end of the Soviet socialist system. They were also opposed to Yeltsin's increasing adoption of policies leading to a transition to a complete market economy.
• 18 August: Gosbachev was placed under house arrest by a small group of conservative hardliners, called 'State Emergency Committee'. Gosbachev refused to resign so the plotters declared a state of emergency and cancelled the Union Treaty
• This became public and there were protests and demonstrations
• Yeltsin placed himself at the head of the protestors in Moscow
• The plotters began to waver
• The bulk of the army and security forces decided not to back the coup so on 21 August , the plotters gave up and fled
• When G returned to Moscow Yeltsin took equal control over the government
• 24 August: G resigned as general-secretary of the CPSU - but remained president
• Yeltsin then began moves to establish the power of Russia
• Many republican leaders began to fear that he intended to take over all Soviet assets, making Russia the dominant power
• It forced many nationalists to see breaking away from the USSR as the only way to protect their power
• December 1991: Ukraine voted to leave the Union. Then Russia, Belorussia and Ukraine formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
• December 25: G announced his resignation as president of the USSR - formal end of USSR
• Why did Gorbachev fail?
• Historians continue to debate the causes of the collapse of the USSR and why G failed.
• Some argue that the deep-seated and long-standing economic and political weaknesses within USSR made successful reforms highly unlikely
• Catherine Merridale: G's ultimate failure was mainly due to his refusal to give his whole-hearted backing to reform-minded people, and to his lack of a coherent reform programme
• David Marples and Archie Brown: G was a genuine - if somewhat cautious - reformer. >< disputed by Robert Service and Dmitri Volkogonov
• What happened in Russia between 1992-2000?
• After the break-up of the USSR in December 1991, Yeltsin remained president of the new state of Russia (the Russian Federation) until 1999
• Russia 1992-1996
• Advices from US and Western financial institutions to transform Russia's economy into a neo-liberal 'free-market' capitalist economy.
• Aimed to be achieved by abolishing subsides and price controls, and implementing a rapid and massive programme of privatising state industries
• This was largely overseen by Jeffrey Sachs who had been responsible for a similar 'shock therapy' in Bolivia and Poland -> he had given advices since before the collapse of USSR
• Result: the rapid emergence of several billionaire Russian 'oligarchs'. The privatisation schemes put most of the nation's wealth into their pockets - while 140 mio fell below the poverty line in Russia
• Economic policies and the 'Chicago School'
• Economic experience inspired by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman (Uni of Chicago) -- they had advocated economic policies that encouraged 'free-market'/unrestrained capitalism
• First applied in the military dictatorships of Chile and Argentina in the 1970s. Then in Reagan and Thatcher's US and UK in the 1980s
• The British journal 'the Lancet' by J.K. Galbraith the results were 'all shock, no therapy'
• In Russia the increase was 12.8% in the male death rate in 2 years (due to unemployment and drinking) - by mid 1990s the male life expectancy was 59
• G's advisors 'the Chicago Boys' were divided over the speed the economic reforms should be implemented
• Gaidar and Chubais (Yeltsin's Deputy and deputy for economic policy) argued for rapid implementation - against new elections
• Before the end of 1991: Yeltsin had agreed to take the direction insisted on by the US Treasury Department, the international Monetary Fund and the World Bank
• They were pushing for 'shock therapy' because of the situation in EE
• Needed a rapid transition to capitalism before people would oppose too much
• Less than a week after the USSR collapse, Yeltsin began a full-blooded economic 'shock therapy' programme
• 2 Jan 1992: Gaiar introduced more policies recommended by Sachs
• Rapid rising unemployment
• Price controls removed, and harsh austerity measures were taken to cut welfare spending - when people needed it
• Deep economic depression and reduced living standards
• Prices rose by 245% in Jan 1992 - and wages were often not paid
• Tens of mio's were plunged into poverty --> beggars and homeless people came to the streets
• According to some economists, Russia suffered an economic downturn that were more severe than US and Germany under the Great Depression
• 1992: 18% lower production + 9% lower food production from 1991
• Many Russian politicians began to attack Yeltsin
• Feb 1992: Russia's vice-president Rutskoi accused Yeltsin of presiding over 'economic genocide'
• But he continued and in 1993 Russia's GDP fell by 12% compared to 1992. By 1994 inflation was still in three figures, industrial output continued to decline, and free health was a memory
• Political developments
• 1992: Khasbulatov (speaker of Supreme Soviet) became an increasingly vocal critic of Yeltsin
• Opposed to the pace of the economic reforms and that he ignored the parliament
• Yeltsin >< the Supreme Soviet of Russia and the Congress of People's Deputies on the other
• 20 March 1993: continued disputes led Yeltsin to say he would declare a state of emergency to give him 'special powers' to push through his economic policies
• 26 March: the Congress of People's Deputies tried to dismiss him as president but failed
• During the summer a dual power Yeltsin >< Supreme Soviet
• 21 September 1993: 'the Pinochet option': Yeltsin announced his intention to disband the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies
• Planned to rule by decree until the elections
• The next day, the Supreme Soviet voted 636-2 to dismiss Yeltsin as he'd broken the constitution - Rutskoi acted as president
• Yeltsin's economic policies resulted in mass popular unrest
• Tens of thousands of anti-Yeltsin demonstrators marched in Moscow in what seemed to repeat EE 1988-89
• Yeltsin got the support of Russia's military to use force to overcome his opponents
• 4 October: Yeltsin ordered the army to shell the building. Over 500 members of parliament and their supporters were killed, and more than 1000 people were injured. Rutskoi and Khasbulatov were arrested. Yeltsin banned opposition and censored the media - and accelerated economic policies
• December 1993: new elections were held. This was to be the Federal Assembly made up of a State Duma and a Council of the Federation.
• Yeltsin's supporters were outnumbered by the huge number of anti-Yeltsin candidates elected
• Yeltsin then drew up a new constitution that gave the president more power
• Yeltsin had to slow down the pace of privatisation, and in Jan 1994 Gaidar resigned from the government
• 1995: Russia's growing foreign debt was causing even greater economic problems. According to the World bank 7.4 mio Russians were now below the poverty lie
• Yeltsin needed support from Russia's business elite if he was going to be re-elected in 1996
• He planned a wave of privatisation of Russia's most valuable state enterprises, given the businessmen shares in return for 'loans'
• Effect: Yeltsin sold off valuable public assets at unrealistically low values. By mid 1996 these men owned most of Russia's major firms
• Feb 1996: Yeltsin announced his intentions to seek re-election. The communist party was attracting support from those who now looked back fondly to a time when the Soviet state had provided security, employment and social welfare
• Yeltsin's opinion poll ratings were so low that his advisors advised him to cancel the election and rule as a dictator
• Service: Yeltsin had shown that his commitment to democracy was, at best, less than solid
• Chubais (main advisor) became his campaign manager. He used privatisation measures to gain the support of important financial and media oligarchs to finance Yeltsin
• In return he enabled these oligarchs to acquire majority stakes in some of Russia's most valuable state-owned assets
• He warned if Zyuganov (communist) would take Russia back to totalitarianism
• My TV stations ran shows on Stalin's crimes and claimed Zyuganov was a modern Stalin
• Yeltsin also promised to drop some of the unpopular economic reforms
• His chances of winning were increased by the IMF's timely announcement that they intended to grant Russia a US$10 bio loan (if they carried out total privatisation of state enterprises)
• July: Yeltsin won 54% of the vote >< Zyuganov 41%
• Russia 1996-2000
• After 1996 allegations of corruption increased
• Although Russia had received US$40 bio from IMF and other international organisations since 1991 the most had been stolen by Yeltsin's friends and backers
• Economic problems continued and the living standards remained low
• 1996: 20% of the population was still below the UN poverty line
• 1998: Yeltsin's government defaulted on its debts --> collapse of the rouble --> serious political and economic crisis
• May 1999: Yeltsin's opponents in the State Duma tried to remove him by vote - failed
• August: Yeltsin fired his prime minister who was replaced by Putin
• 31 December 1999: Yeltsin announced his resignation and Putin became the acting president (vote in March 2000)
• 1/3 of the population was living below the poverty line of US$38 per month
• More than 80% has gone bankrupt and over 6000 factories had been closed down

What were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War?

1.      Introduction

-        General opening sentence about the outcome of the war

-        Explain the facts of the outcome

§ Who?

§ What?

§ Where?

§ When?

§ Why?

-        Thesis

§ The Spanish Civil War had both domestic and international effects, ranging in the areas of economic, political, and human costs.

§ Mention some international stuff too

Part 1: Domestic

2.      Human costs

-        Topic sentence: the massive targeting of civilians and heavy fighting nature of the war left Spain with a significantly lower population that was split in two.

-        The background (from the nature of the Spanish civil war)

-        The results

§ 100,000 republicans killed

§ 70,000 nationalists killed

-        Effects of nationalist win and the inhumane fighting

§ The ‘White Terror’

·         40,000 to 200,000 killed

§ Republicans and sympathizers were held in concentration camps

§ Republican children were placed with nationalists families or orphanages

-        Concluding sentence:

3.      Economic costs

-        Topic sentence: the war had immense effects on the Spanish economy that was to struggle for years to come under the effects of the destructive war.

-        The facts:

§ 28 percent lower income per capita in 1939 compared to 1935

§ 10-15% of Spanish wealth lost

§ Spain was in debt

§ Inflation raged

4.      Political effects:

-        The victory of nationalists enabled Franco to run the country as the fascist state that he had envisioned prior to the war.

-        The facts:

§ Preston: ‘as if it were a country occupied by a victorious foreign army.’

§ Republican sympathizers fled the country

·         Many teachers, lawyers, researchers, doctors, and celebrities

§ Law of Political Responsibility (1939) made the punishment of Republicans legal – even the death penalty

§ The CNT and UGT were destroyed

§ The church gained significant power (Frances Lannon, historian)

Part 2: International

1.      International effects

-        Topic sentence: the heavy foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War spread the effects its end to nearly all participating parties.

-        USSR

§ Lost intellectual sympathy in the West

§ Pushed USSR away from an alliance with the Western powers

·         The NIC had convinced Stalin of the British and French inability to face Hitler

§ Stalin turned to Germany for alliance instead

-        Germany and Italy

§ Hitler gained military lessons in the war

·         Importance of air power

·         Effectiveness of Blitzkrieg

§ The war brought Germany and Italy closer

§ Germany was principal country ‘defending the world from communism’

-        Britain and France

§ Appeasement had yet again failed

-        The USA

§ Strengthened the isolationistic sentiment

§ Spain was not on the list for Marshall Aid after WWII

§ Cold War enabled Spain to get on good terms with the US due to anti-communist beliefs.

·         Granted Spain membership in the UN and became an ally of the US

Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini.

• Antagonism to the Paris Peace Settlement/Versailles
• Germany treated unfairly/harshly
• Italy not receiving what they thought they had deserved
• They both had aims of the establishment of an Empire.
• Hitler wanted to rule the world or at least make Germany great again – lebensraum
• Mussolini wanted to rebuild Italy to be fit for a roman empire
• Both wanted autarky, self-sufficient
• Reference could be made to the two leaders’ attitudes to, and involvement, with the following:
• The Geneva Disarmament Conference 1933
• When Hitler became chancellor he left the Geneva naval conference and LoN – unfair that Germany could not rearm when France could
• Italy not interested in reducing its military spending
• The Stresa Front 1935;
• Was against Hitler’s revision of Versailles (rearmament)
• Italy was a member though not happy with Britain (naval)
• Abyssinia 1935:
• Italy invades and the LoN imposes sanctions. Germany, though, who was not a member of the LoN continued its trading with Italy.
• Spain 1936;
• Both Germany and Italy intervened in the Spanish civil war on the side of the Nationalists
• The Rome-Berlin Axis 1936;
• A commercial and friendship treaty. Start of close relationship between the two countries which ultimately led to Italy leaving LoN
• The Anschluss 1938;
• This time Mussolini did not stop Hitler as he had done in 1934 – even told Hitler in 1936 that he was happy for Austria to become a client state if Germany.
• Munich Conference 1938;
• Mussolini helped set up the Munich Conference to mediate between Germany and France and Britain over the crisis of Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland
• However, Hitler acted and occupied Czechoslovakia without informing Mussolini
• Aggression in 1939
•  In 1939 Italy tried to break free of being the junior partner in the relationship with Germany and increased its aggression to gain more power. Invaded Albania.
• Pact of Steel 1939
• Military alliance between Germany and Italy. More to Germany’s advantage as he was planning a war, but Mussolini did though hope that the German forces would support him in future Italian expansion 
• Campaigns in the Second World War in western and eastern Europe and North Africa.
• Mussolini’s campaigns during WWII were disastrous and needed support from German forces, who had more success in their campaigns
• The key date is 1936 as this is when Mussolini broke with Britain and France, choosing to ally with Hitler instead, although the aims of the leaders had different motivations.
• Historians
• Germany:
• A. Hillgruber: “Mein Kampf was stage-by-stage plan for Hitler”
• A. Adamtwaite: “Hossbach Memorandum is a guide of Hitler’s foreign ideas”
• Italy: 
• R. Bosworth: ‘even at its most aggressive, Fascist Italy behaved as though it were a nineteenth century power, replicating the land-grab for Africa indulged by the Greater Powers at the time'

Causes of the Spanish Civil War

•  Long term
• Weakness of gov: Cortes the official parliament – corrupt politicians and elections = landowning classes. Parties a sham.
• Economic causes: Rural Spain: severe poverty among rural Spaniards. Land owned by the Grandees in the south and very small plots in the north. No support of change from church. Many peasants conservative and resistant to socialist ideas – exploited
• Spanish army: “protector of the Spanish people”. Very conservative, ineffective, brutal = unpopular among the people but protected by upper middle class and upper classes due to ranks in army. Army traditionally intervenes in politics with coup d’etats. 
• The church: Very conservative, very rich. Social and political influence in education, economically. Aristocracy tied to the church – senior clergy. Unpopular among urban people, more popular in the country.
• by the CAF (federation which supports farmers in return for rejection of socialism). Farmers later support Franco.
• Workers. Low wages, long hours, unregulated working conditions – growth in trade unionism (UGT) (CNT) – however, internal competition so little progress.  --- Violence seems appealing!
• Regions: Catalonia and the Basque want independence. Primo de Rivera repeals self-gov in Catalonia – Catalonian forces support republican movement.
• Political opposition: Liberal movement, socialist party, anarchists.
• Fall of the monarchy 1931: Primo de Rivera has ruled Spain as a dictator – fascist model. Tried to address Spain’s problems by creating better infrastructure, irrigation schemes, industrial production. At the same time: takes away Catalonian self-gov, censorship of press. Wall Street Crash: Massive debt as a result of reforms leads Spain into huge debts. Loses support of army and landowners and steps down.  Republicans win the municipal elections and king steps down = Second Republic.
• Preston: social instability underneath due to static political system with limited number of voters – forces population to resort to violence.
• Short term
• Preston: In 1931, only the ‘lunatics’ on the extreme right and left believed that war was inevitable.
• Second Republic: The Left Republic (1931-1933)
• Spanish army: reduces officer numbers by 50 percent on full wage , Saragossa academy closed. CONSEQUENCE:  army radicalized /even more conservative as only hardliners are left (conservatives and nationalists)
• Church: loss of control of education,  state payment to clergy to be stopped . CONSEQUENCE: alienates the church and the landowning classes.
• Economy: Very poor due to Depression. Fall in industrial and farming production , unemployment on the rise. Reform: Land redistribution programme 1932. Estates taken by state and redistributed to peasants. CONSEQUENCE: Expensive! Due to lack of money for the change, only 7,000 families benefit: Angers the peasants: change happens too slowly. Landowning classes threatened – fear Soviet system is coming to Spain!
• The regions: Catalonia given its own parliament and some control of education. CONSEQUENCE: Right wing parties angered – break up of Spain???
• Political opposition:  Civil unrest dealt with brutally.  (1932, 1933. Repressed by loyal army) CEDA established (right wing party resembling nazi party) to protect landowners  = Spain is becoming increasingly politically divided.
• Why did it fail
• Historians A: Failure of land reforms
• Historian B (Preston): Right wing never gave republic a chance.
• Azana lost support of workers when he cracked down on anarchists and killed 25 people.
•  “Spain’s underlying conflicts are simply transmitted into politics”.
•  Right Republic: 1933-36
• Why a Right Republic? – Due to disunity on the left!
• CEDA gets government posts. Right wing gov. rules Spain for two years (1933-36).
• Rolls back all the reforms of the previous gov.
• Church: Control of education restored, church paid by state.
• Economy: land reforms halted.
• The regions: Catalonia declares itself independent, miners’ uprising 1934. Crushed by army.  Consequence:  Violent suppression increases likelihood of war (historians!), Basques no longer support the right.
• The Popular Front: Feb-Jul 1936         
• A political response to the right (Center /left)
• What is the Popular Front: Anti-fascist pact, including both socialist and communist.
• Some saw it as final attempt to uphold democracy, others associated it with Stalin
• Azana: tries to restore pre 1933 reforms. However, socialists do not join gov & right does not accept reforms. Anarchists encourage peasants to seize land – conflict between Falange movement , CEDA and FAI (anarchists)à increased violence in the countryside (organized bombings and assassination)
• Several strikes: The right feared a left wing revolution!
• Immediate
• The victory of the Popular Front in 36 threw CEDA into turmoil
• Gil Robles (CEDA) supports a military coup
• Coup Created by extreme nationalist group of junior officers (Mola and Franco)
• The Catalysts: the murder of a popular CEDA leader.
• Falange and ‘Carlist’ group joins in
• Spain divided between two groups :
• Group 1: inspired by the Soviet
• Group 2: inspired by Hitler and Mussolini
• à Both fearing each other